Coastal risks refer to coastal erosion, tidal inundation and coastal flooding. That means that coastal riks are those currently at risk and those additional areas that are likely to be at risk in the future as sea level continues to rise unless the impacts of sea level rise can be effectively mitigated. Coastal flooding in lowland areas will be of particular concern in the future as a consequence of sea level rise, including increased likely frequency, duration and height of flooding and consequently emergency evacuation and likely property and infrastructure damage.

• Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland
• AEA Technology, United Kingdom
• Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Norway
• Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH), Germany
• Catalan Office for Climate Change, Spain
• Centre for Marine and Atmospheric Sciences (ZMAW), Germany
• Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC) and Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Italy
• Climate Change Group of the European Network of Heads of Nature Conservation Agencies;

1. Enactment of legislation to provide for the regulation of lobbyists, including the establishment and management of a Lobbyists Register.

2. Development of a model policy and procedure for adoption by all departments, agencies and ministerial offices concerning the conduct of meetings with lobbyists, the making of records of these meetings, and the making of records of telephone conversations. As a minimum, the procedure should provide for:

There are perceptions of corruption in the interaction between lobbyists and those lobbied. But equally there is also evidence from both lobbyists and the lobbied as to the professionalism of the lobbying industry, and the ethical conduct of both lobbyists and the lobbied. The two viewpoints are not inconsistent. In any endeavour, the activities or perceived activities of a few individuals can affect the reputation of a whole industry, even if the actions of the majority are above reproach.

1. Polity: Polity is the institutional system forming the framework for political action and covers the concrete normative, structural elements of politics set out in the constitution. Both written rules such as the constitution and the laws governing the voting system, the structure of the state etc. and unwritten rules form the framework for the political sphere. The most important unwritten rules in the broader sense include the political culture of a community.

Lobbying offers companies the chance to procure information from politics which is an important and necessary basis for their own business decisions. Business is part of society and ‘politics for the people’ is inconceivable without ‘politics with business’. In the same way, business relies on attractive economic conditions and has a vested interest in the abolition of unnecessary regulation. 'Business without politics' is thus also out of the question.

Crit­ics argue that the lack of trans­par­ency, exacer­bated by the influ­ence of lob­by­ists, hinders the demo­cratic legit­im­acy of law-making. How­ever, such a pre-judgment is based on exag­ger­ated assump­tions and there­fore, draws false con­clu­sions on the influ­ence and power of lobbyists. While lobbyists maybe not held in the highest regard by the public, nevertheless they often provide invaluable and entirely legitimate services to policymakers.

The Anti-Corruption pakage includes the following laws

1. Setting the Legal and Policy Framework

As a first step, policymakers need to assess whether they have the right types of government policies, strategies, and a legal and regulatory framework in place to both attract foreign direct investment (FDI) and ensure that any such investments are sustainable and beneficial to the country.

Government Policies and Strategies: Assess, Formulate and Reform

Much of what a Policy Analyst does is essentially policy work. Duties  include the activities associated with policy development i.e. research, analysis, consultation and synthesis of information to produce recommendations. It also involves an evaluation of options against a set of criteria used to assess each option.

An effective policy process is one that is generally characterized by the following five attributes: 1. Issue Identification; 2. Issue Analysis; 3. Generating Solutions; 4. Consultation; and 5. Performance Monitoring.