Reciprocity Clubs

European Countries

La complexité institutionnelle de la Belgique et le système de scrutin proportionnel ont conduit ses gouvernements successifs à former des alliances contre-intuitives, avec jusqu’à six partenaires différents aux vues politiques souvent idéologiquement divergentes. L’accord de gouvernement matérialise les fragiles équilibres politiques ainsi que l’équilibre des pouvoirs entre les différents partenaires de la coalition, et est considéré comme un carcan politique.

The European Society of Association Executives (ESAE) is the voice of association leaders in Europe and a platform for senior-level association managers in Europe.

ESAE believes that associations play an essential role in European society and policy-making and aims to strengthen the role of the sector and its people. It does this through networking, education, advocacy and community-building activities.

Education and Training

Source: Oxfam America

To determine the lobbying expenditures of the target companies, Oxfam America used the Center for Responsive Politics’ website Opensecrets.org. This resource calculates the total lobby expenditure for a company and its affiliates using lobbying data released by the Senate Office of Public Records as of April 20, 2015. For each company, Oxfam America added together their total lobbying expenditure for the seven years from 2008 to 2014.

Back in June 2015, the European Commission published a list of 30 countries it viewed as 'non-cooperative jurisdictions. Each country on the blacklist was suggested by at least ten EU member states (Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, and Spain). The UK did not make any suggestions, nor did Germany. 

The Internet is the new frontier for crime, and an increasingly profitable frontier at that. The average cost to a U.S. organization due to computer hacking is an astonishing $15.4 million annually, among the companies surveyed by the Ponemon Institute for its 2015 Cost of Cyber Crime study. Industry experts believe that many security incidents go unreported and the actual amount may be significantly higher.

Source: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (Scenario Team EU-Ukraine 2030) Published in March 2014

Scenarios do not attempt to predict the future, but offer different pictures of possible and plausible futures. They can be helpful in enabling decision-makers and stakeholders to adapt their strategies in order to achieve or avoid a certain scenario.

BUMPY ROAD SCENARIO

Draft Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the legal regulation of lobbying activities in the context of public decision-making.

Definitions

For the purposes of this recommendation and its principles:

a) "Lobbying" means promoting specific interests by communication with a public official as part of a structured and organized action aimed at influencing public decision-making.

b) "Lobbyists" means any natural or legal person who engages in lobbying activities.

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