Russian lobbying has passed through different stages in its evolution since the collapse of the Soviet Union. In 1991-1993, the system dominated by state structures transformed into one dominated by private actors. When oil prices were low and the Russian economy was in transition, it was mostly about investment consulting and attracting financial support. Then in the mid- 1990s and mid-2000s, the “golden age” of private Russian lobbying arrived, with dozens of entities pursuing their interests abroad, fighting anti-dumping investigations and trying to lift trade barriers.
