War crimes are those violations of the laws of war—or international humanitarian law (IHL)—that incur individual criminal responsibility. The 1949 Geneva Conventions, which codified IHL after World War II, also marked the first inclusion in a humanitarian law treaty of a set of war crimes—the grave breaches of the conventions. Each of the four Geneva Conventions (on wounded and sick on land, wounded and sick at sea, prisoners of war, and civilians) contains its own list of grave breaches.

The purpose of this Code of Practice (the ‘Code’) is to identify those professional obligations that serve to protect the public in general, the client in particular, and the reputation of the profession of Institutional and Government Relations Practitioners (the 'Profession”). The Code also clearly identifies each National Association’s expectations of their Members with respect to the Profession and to other Members.

PROTOCOLE UNIVERSEL D’ETHIQUE AU PLAN DES RELATIONS INSTITUTIONNELLES ET GOUVERNEMENTALES (VERSION FRANCAISE)

Définition

Les relations gouvernementales représentent les efforts systématiques entrepris pour influencer les actions et politiques de gouvernement aux fins d’atteindre des objectifs particuliers ou de protéger des intérêts particuliers en public et de façon à ce que ces activités aient un effet positif pour les praticiens et décideurs concernés.

European governments have agreed to impose sweeping sanctions on Russia, targeting state-owned banks, imposing an arms embargo, and restricting sales of sensitive technology and export of equipment for the country's oil industry, in response to Moscow's continued backing for separatists in eastern Ukraine.

The punitive measures are  the most extensive EU sanctions imposed on Russia since the cold war.