THE MINSK DISAGREEMENTS

The key obstacle to disengagement in Donbas, and to a sustainable ceasefire more broadly, is that no side has faith that an acceptable political settlement will follow. Conflicting views of the Minsk agreements are at the heart of the impasse.

A.The View from Moscow

RUSSIAN DRAFT OF A EUROPEAN SECURITY TREATY IN 2009

On June 5, 2008, the President of Russia put forward an initiative to develop a new pan-European security treaty, the main idea of which was to create – in the context of military and political security in the Euro-Atlantic region – a common undivided space in order to finally do away with the Cold War legacy.

RUSSIA’S DEMANDS FOR LEGALLY BINDING SECURITY GUARANTEES

It is useful to shed some light on the underlying points which drive Russia’s deep concerns. Moscow holds that the USSR was deceived on the issue of NATO expansion. At the same time, it is recognised that it was the fault of the Soviet leadership not to acquire legally binding guarantees at that time and the fault of the Russian leadership in the 1990s not to prevent NATO expansion per se. The current acrimony is caused by numerous examples of Western leaders making promises, blurred or straightforward, not to expand NATO further.

POSSIBLE CONCESSIONS TO RUSSIA

Agreements with Russia are theoretically possible on two key issues: non-expansion and non-deployment. But any such agreements will be of a political, not legally binding nature.

FRENCH AND GERMAN APPROACHES TO RUSSIA

France and Germany have different but potentially complementary agendas with regard to Russia. While Paris is more interested in security-related questions, Berlin has focused more strongly on the realms of business and energy. However, German concerns about issues of European security are growing, and there is overlap in the problems facing economic actors from both countries in the Russian context.

UKRAINE FOREIGN POLICY

Among international partners, Poland seems to reign in popularity sweepstakes, with the largest number of Ukrainians favouring partnership with it and Polish President Andrzej Duda topping the list of foreign leaders most trusted by Ukrainians.

Ukrainians have a demand for regional alliances with Ukraine’s participation, so Ukrainian diplomacy should continue this trend.

Ukrainians have lauded the development of

A PROPOSE CHOREOGRAPHED DE-ESCALATION BY THE CRISIS GROUP

FIRE POWER IN EUROPE

Ranking of total available active military power by country

REVISITING THE MINSK II AGREEMENT

The key military element of Minsk II is the disarmament of the separatists and the withdrawal of Russian “volunteer” forces, together with a vaguely worded suggestion for the temporary removal the Ukrainian armed forces (exclusive of border guards). The key political element consists of three essential and mutually dependent parts: demilitarization; a restoration of Ukrainian sovereignty, including control of the border with Russia; and full autonomy for the Donbas in the context of the decentralization of power in Ukraine as a whole.

MAJOR FOREIGN HOLDERS OF U.S. TREASURY SECURITIES

As of September 2021 (in Billion U.S.$)

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